An introduction to British Celtic coinage
V. The western periphery
The powerful kingdoms north and south of the Thames were surrounded by a broad arc of tribes who were mostly prevented from direct interaction with Roman Gaul, or who deliberately retained a more anti-Roman stance during the last years of their independence. The region from the Dorset coast north to Hereford and Worcestershire was occupied by the Durotriges and the Dobunni.
The
early Dobunnic coinage was based on the triple-tailed
horse stater of the Atrebates, with the addition of a tree-like symbol
on the obverse, common to almost all of the succeeding gold coinage. Following
the first uninscribed types are a series of inscribed staters, some with
associated silver units. It seems likely that Bodvoc
or Corio were the first rulers to add their names to the coins, in Bodvoc's
case unusually replacing the tree symbol. These two men may have ruled
different parts of the Dobunnic territory simultaneously.
Bodvoc and Corio seem to have been succeed by Comux and Catti, and lastly by Anted and Eisv. Their coins are spread widely across the whole of Dobunnic territory, and there is little doubt that one followed the other in authority.
The
silver coinage of the Dobunni is more complex, with Bodvoc
again breaking with tradition and placing a bust on the obverse of his
coins - perhaps influenced by coins of Tasciovanus, and thus indicating
some sort of political alignment with the north Thames kingdom. The earliest
uninscribed silver has a distribution at odds with much of the later
coinage, being found primarily in the eastern Wiltshire area, and it seems
as though a distinct group produced its own coinage in this region, perhaps
including the Savernake stater.
Early
silver unit from eastern Wiltshire
To
the south-west of the Dobunni, the Durotriges produced a very immobilized
coinage. The principal denomination was the stater, based closely on the
Westerham stater. This type was debased rapidly from good
silver with a small percentage of gold, to base silver and eventually
bronze. The disappearance of silver from the
coinage probably reflects the shift in the dominant trade route through
Gaul after Caesar's conquest: the Atlantic coastal route lost out
to the Seine/Thames axis between northern France and south-east England,
which was so successfully exploited by the north and south Thames kingdoms.
Trade
to and from the south-west continued, however, and it may be in connection
with trade that a series of cast bronze coins
were produced, probably in the early first century AD. These coins, perhaps
produced at Hengistbury Head on the south coast of Dorset, represent the
ultimate debasement of the stater of Philip II of Macedon, bearing a simple
pattern of dots on each side.
The
Durotriges also produced a rather more inventive range of silver
quarter staters. They were inspired ultimately by the Gallo-Belgic
quarter staters perhaps showing a boat, which on these coins gradually
faded to create an almost uniface coinage. A separate variety of quarter
staters re-established an obverse design, sometimes described as a starfish.
The quarter stater coinage probably ceased shortly before the turn of the millennium, presumably at much the same time as the staters became wholly bronze. The bronze coinage seems to have circulated up to and for some time beyond the invasion of 43 AD.